During the Society of Exploration Geophysicists' 1947 annual meeting in Tulsa, some restless SEG activists, including President Cecil Green, President-elect Lewis Nettleton, and President-to-be Sigmund Hammer, stayed up well past normal socializing hours informally analyzing the Society's postwar role.
     Arthur Brant, a Canadian of formidable presence, engaging manner, and deluxe credentials as both teacher and explorationist, seized the chance to campaign vigorously for what he deemed a needed change in the Society's purview. It should, he said, be extended to encompass mining. His rationale was that geophysical exploration techniques, then evolving from World War II research, would soon revolutionize the search for mineral ores as radically as they had petroleum exploration the preceding two decades. Mining geophysicists, Brant argued, would need a scientific forum. To him, the SEG seemed a natural home.

     Before his motion reached the floor a move for, a temporary change of venue to Bishop's Restaurant (a wonderful, sprawling eatery later killed by the Malthusian growth of cannibalistic fast-food chains) passed by acclamation. Regenerated by a unanimously admired, strawberry shortcake, the leadership quorum commissioned Brant to organize a mining session at the next annual meeting.
     "That was the way a lot of SEG business was done in those days," Brant says. "People today don't realize how different it all was back then. The conventions were small, only a couple of hundred people. There were no separate sessions. Everybody was in the same hotel. You were all together and you all saw the same presentations. It was wonderful because there was great, close communication. Afterward a dozen or so of us would go out to dinner and discuss everything under the sun."

     A mining program was easily arranged for the 1948 annual meeting, held in Denver. Brant was hardly alone in anticipating imminent breakthroughs in mining exploration. Anxiety pervaded the entire industry, particularly because of some intriguing war research and the war-time development of the airborne magnetometer. Mining companies were ready to make expensive commitments to adapt them for commercial use. Thus, interest was intense at the '48 mining session and the Society quickly moved to add a mining adjunct.
     Shortly afterward, Brant resigned his teaching post at the University of Toronto. He became director of Newmont Mining Corp.'s newly formed geophysical department. Immediately, he assembled a brilliant research team, composed mostly of his own students, which fulfilled his recent prophecy by introducing early in the next decade revolutionary exploration techniques. Those new techniques, mainly what is now known as induced polarization, were a fundamental reason for a postwar mining boom.

     Brant's impact upon the infant field of mining geophysics was so pronounced that he was elected an SEG Honorary Member in 1963, little more than a decade after he became a full-time explorationist. That honor was evidence that, in his peers' eyes, he ranked with the many Canadians who made major contributions to the earth sciences in the middle years of the century.
     Brant was born in Toronto in 1910, the only child of a family never financially stable but usually able to manage. "The young days were good on the outskirts of Toronto," he recently wrote in an unpublished autobiographical sketch. "Skating on, and swimming in, the not-so-clean Humber River; raids on orchards and strawberry beds; pulling over parliament buildings [outdoor toilets], particularly when occupied; the weekly unsponsored ball game when we met those south of Bloor St. on a midway lot; early morning work at a bake shop; and a Sunday paper route with a margin of 2  a paper to customers you had solicited."

     The idyll ended at age 16. Brant won a scholarship to the prestigious University of Toronto Schools, starting a largely unplanned but extraordinarily rich higher education. His record in his two years at UTS earned him a scholarship in mathematics, assuring university tuition as long as first-class honors were maintained. He also won the Governor General's Medal for the best grades on final examinations and a scholarship in science at the University of Toronto's Victoria College.
     As an undergraduate, Brant was an old-fashioned student athlete. He lettered in lacrosse, baseball, and hockey, simultaneously building a distinguished academic record. He played on two Canadian intercollegiate hockey championship teams. Toronto's 1928l29 team went to the semifinals of the Canadian play downs, then one of the highest levels of the sport in the world. He consequently dropped behind in his lab work.
     "They were appreciative of what I'd done in hockey but I was required to make up every bit of it, night by night."

     At his 1932 graduation, he received a gold medal for the highest grades in math and physics. He turned to geophysics in graduate school, motivated primarily by economics. The head of the physics department, E. F. Burton, hinted broadly that Brant would find a teaching job in that field when he completed his doctorate.
     "This was the Depression, so that was quite an incentive," Brant says, "and it also involved the out-of-doors as opposed to physics where you just sit in the lab and work with apparatus. Professor Laughlin Gilchrist was then experimenting in magnetics and electrical resistivity and I was assigned to him."
     Brant received his Master's in 1933 with a record sufficiently distinguished to win him a scholarship to Princeton, then residence for much of the world's scientific genius - Einstein, Wigner, Neumann, et al. Brant, though, did not prosper in this intellectual nirvana. For the first and only time, he faltered academically.
     "I wouldn't have held my scholarship there," he says, "It's not that I didn't work hard. I've always worked pretty hard. But I discovered history there. It fascinated me immediately and has ever since. I spent long hours in the library reading instead of going about what I should have been doing."

     Ironically, athletics proved his academic salvation, earning him another chance at an equally esteemed university. He was asked to be player/coach of a hockey team at a fashionable sports club in Berlin. The arrangement paid a livable wage and allowed unrestricted attendance at the University of Berlin. Before accepting, Brant sought advice from a German refugee teaching at Princeton. The latter replied, "Take it. There are still many good men left."
     Brant arrived in Germany just when Hitler was consolidating power by summarily purging and executing several dissidents. A university superior sent Brant away from Berlin until the political situation cooled. He first went to Schleswig-Holstein, and after a month to Silesia where he briefly stepped backward in time to a more elegant era, staying with an aristocratic family in a two-winged Schloss attended by liveried servants. The pleasant exile resulted in his being fairly fluent in German by the time he returned to Berlin in the fall.

     As it turned out, Brant spent two years in Germany, attending lectures at Berlin (including a series originated by Humboldt, one of the fathers of geophysics) and studying at the Geodetic Institute at Potsdam where, so lightly regarded was the science in the mid-30s, he was the only student using the equipment and library.
     "I sat at the feet of small, thin, red-faced Max Planck," Brant recalls. "He always wore the old-fashioned stiff collar. I was invited to join a group of Americans who visited Otto Hahn and Lise Meitner, soon to discover nuclear fission. Hahn was an outgoing fellow with his feet up on his desk, smoking a thin cigar. Meitner was dark, quiet, gracious. The Germans were quite aware of the possibilities of atomic power. Hahn had quite a lot of communication with the military. He told me they were in his hair all the time.
     "Those were happy, active years, a scientific and cultural awakening. Hockey visits to Sweden, Holland, France, Switzerland, and Poland - the galleries, museums, operas and plays - private musicals, the ever-present background of European history and culture."

     German sports authorities quickly recognized Brant's hockey expertise and named him coach of the German national team, then gearing for the Olympics, in 1934l35. Coach Brant made the cover of Berlin Illustrated, the equivalent of a Life or Sports Illustrated cover.
     He also became reacquainted with Lilli Umbach, an art student he had originally met while at Princeton. She was then studying at Berlin, a circumstance "permitting at least some very pleasant coffee hours." They were married in 1940.

     Brant received his doctorate in 1936 and returned that fall to Toronto as assistant professor of physics. Summers were spent with the Ontario Department of Mines Survey where he received his first practical field work in geology and his orientation to life in the bush. While working at Steep Rock Lake during his second summer with the Survey, Brant theorized that a suspected iron band beneath the lake could be traced by measuring electrical resistivity through the ice.
     "So in the winter of early 1939, I and a group of students, aided by a very intelligent Indian boy, carried out the effort, drilling holes through the three-foot ice, perhaps the first electrical prospecting through ice. Since spot drilling was being carried out simultaneously, results were immediate - quickly proving the iron's existence and locating it along the lake bed.
     "This made the front page of Toronto's evening newspaper, somewhat to the consternation of the university - but not to Professor Burton. It created an interest in the struggling science of geophysics and an entrée for myself into Canadian mining circles."

     Brant spent much of World War II as part of a geophysical/geological search for uranium in northwest Canada. The group had only a vague idea why, but received at least one indication that the work was top priority - a direct communication line to the US to accelerate delivery of "anything we wanted."
     Brant helped develop portable field geiger counters, capable of airborne and water operations. They were the search's principal tool since field scintillometers did not then exist. In 1943, a discovery was made at Beaver Lodge, south of Great Slave Lake. This experience, perhaps more than any other, triggered the latent explorationist within Brant. He recharged himself intellectually by converting his academic knowledge to practical use: he revelled in the personal interaction of prospecting, the human challenge of survival on the frontier, and the daily valor of the blush pilots whose daring and skill made the operation possible.
     "As the Arctic days lengthened and the ice moved in from the shore, the fresh water herring gathered in the ice-free fringe. Sitting on bags of uranium concentrate, the fishing was good. My eyes were opening to the world outside academia, a world to which I was more and more inclined. The directness of decision and effort, the minimal staff, and the long but effective supply lines were fascinating."

     Mining companies were gradually becoming aware of geophysical methods and soon sought out Brant. He had his first independent consulting job in 1945, working in muskegs up to his thighs at 55- north latitude. Magnetic and resistivity surveys did not find some small ore bodies since located, but Brant was encouraged about his exploration future and following the war he opened a consulting office. Business soon thrived, frequently keeping him away from university duties for long stretches.
     Harold Seigel, now president of Scintrex Limited, is among the many prominent explorationists who studied under Brant at that time. He recalls:
     "I took a class in geophysical prospecting from him whenever he appeared on the scene - which was rather rare. Most of the time he was off somewhere on a consulting mission for a mining client. When he did appear, he made a strong impression with his enthusiasm, energy, and firm convictions - both geophysical and political. The major benefit I derived from his class was a feeling that mining geophysics was badly in need of a sound mathematical foundation, both to predict the response of the earth to various stimuli and to quantitatively account for field observations in terms of subsurface geology."

     Current SEG Editor Stanley Ward was another student. He concurs that Brant was a motivating presence in the classroom, remembering "a man of substantial build and huge hands who was, and is, bigger than his framework. He brought to me the discipline, symmetry, and beauty of the German theory of the potential. He also brought to me his experience as a well respected and practicing mining geophysicist. There weren't many of those in the late 1940s."
     And Brant's academic reputation was growing steadily. He was a frequent guest lecturer, (he remains so today) both in Canada and abroad, but he was becoming increasingly anxious to change careers, willing to gamble that mining geophysics would develop into a profession similar to its petroleum cousin. Although he had spent all his adult years as a student or teacher, he decided he "was just not cut out for the academic life" and intuited that prevailing conditions would imminently trigger a mining boom.
     "The world was open. You were welcome as a developer, and a bringer, hopefully, of greater prosperity. Anti-trust laws had not emerged. Joint ventures were common. Ideas and prospects were freely disseminated. It was the age of the giants.
     "This lasted until the late '60slearly '70s when a miasmic philosophy became propagandized - that undeveloped resources are wealth and development is a deprivation. The facts are that mining ventures leave 80l85% of the gross within the country of origin and that the early capital formation of emerging countries has been largely based on resource development."

     In 1946 Newmont Mining asked Brant to investigate, through Radio Frequency Laboratories of Boonton, New Jersey, research done during World War II for possible adaption to exploration. He recommended studies in what would become known as induced polarization, or overvoltage. Following positive tank tests on sulfide ore samples in 1946, development began of field equipment to send electric current into the ground, cut it off, and measure voltage decay in the off interval - the method now known as time domain IP. Frequency domain, measuring low frequency variations in earth impedance, was a later development, having to wait until amplifiers were improved.
     "My report in the fall of 1946 noted this was potentially a new method, applicable to heretofore unresponsive disseminated sulfide ores," Brant says. "At that period, disseminated porphyry types were profitable and much sought."

     A year later he advised Seigel, then looking for a thesis topic, to explore the possibilities of IP, putting him on an azimuth that would make him one of the principal figures in the method's development.
     (This history of the pioneering World War II research on IP is related in Induced Polarization in Geophysical Exploration, TLE, June 1982.)
     Brant's enthusiasm over the intriguing results of tests conducted by Radio Frequency Laboratories stimulated a full-scale research and development program. RFL carried out the work, with Brant serving as Newmont's monitor. Progress was fast.
     "By 1947, a unit of high power had been constructed on a 6x6 army truck," Brant relates. "It used a DC generator, vacuum diode on-off switching, and fluxmeter detection in the current off cycle. Tests at Ely, Nevada in the fall of 1947 were certainly positive but we were measuring a discharge integral not normalized for the primary voltage drop.
     "Tests in 1948 at San Manuel, Arizona, by Harry Seigel, then working on his doctorate, again were significant. Now we were converting fluxmeter response normalized by the primary voltage drop."

     Meanwhile, the Phelps-Dodge Co. decided to close its Jerome mine and Clarksdale smelter in central Arizona. Brant and other proposed that Newmont take advantage of the existing facilities to conduct extensive geophysical and geologic research around the dying mine in hopes of finding additional ore. The idea became the final phase of his metamorphosis from teacher to full-time explorationist. The proposal was adopted, and in mid-1949 Brant resigned his university position to join Newmont. He immediately began building a research staff for the Jerome work.
     E. A. Eckhardt, one of the leading figures in petroleum exploration, unknowingly influenced Brant greatly in his personnel decisions. A pioneer exploration geophysicist and former SEG President, Eckhardt had guided Gulf's research for 20 years. He invited Brant, shortly before the latter joined Newmont full time, to Gulf research headquarters in Harmarville, Pennsylvania to lecture on the new developments in induced polarization.
     "Gulf was then the preeminent petroleum research group," Brant says. "I was sitting at dinner with Dr. Eckhardt when he casually remarked, 'You know, some five or six people have carried this place.' Gulf then had about 150 PhDs. I vowed, if opportunity provided, to seek out those five or six such people."

     He was ideally positioned to fulfill the promise. His postwar geophysical exploration classes overflowed with intelligent, highly motivated veterans. Many of the brightest agreed to accompany Brant to Arizona, lured, says, Seigel, "by the promise of world travel and US dollars."
     The initial muster included Seigel; James Wait, later a senior scientist with the US Bureau of Standards and now a professor at the University of Arizona; the late Robert Baldwin whose academic record had been exceptional; Donald Wagg, SEG's First Vice-President in 1973l74; Robert Searls, eventually president of Newmont of Australia; Leonard Collett, now senior scientist at the Geological Survey of Canada; John Dowsett, currently director of exploration for Inco Limited; Kenneth Ruddock, a founder of Spectra-Physics (as was Earl Bell who came to Jerome slightly later); and Robert Uffen, later a scientific advisor to the Canadian government.
     SEG Editor Ward calls them "the first significant research group in the history of mining geophysics in America. It was an incredibly large and bright team."
     Brant comments: "We established offices in the old Rawhide Jim Douglas mansion. Labs were in the old mine warehouse. The single men occupied the old house of Lewis Douglas (Rawhide Jim's son and one-time US ambassador to Great Britain), and those who were married took the former staff houses. Then, with youthful enthusiasm, we set to work to save the mine. This was the start of the Jerome era which over the next eight years contributed so much to mineral exploration technology."

     Brant did not rigidly departmentalize his precocious geophysicists nor restrict their work to narrow avenues conforming to his own prejudices. He encouraged them to intellectually meander, the overall research thrust being channeled only by his own ability for recognizing good ideas and directing them toward practical ends.
     Seigel recalls the early Jerome days: "It was a mostly harmonious and always exciting life of geo-adventure - on the one hand developing new theory, methodology, and hardware for electrical prospecting, and on the other sending field parties to North and South America, and the Philippines to explore for mines. Everywhere we blazed new technological trails - for example in time domain and frequency domain IP, helicopter electromagnetic systems, and similarly adventurous pursuits."

     Wait, credited by Brant and Seigel for "almost single-handedly laying the mathematical foundations for time and frequency domain electromagnetic prospecting" at Jerome, says: "It was a remarkable time in that a flock of graduate students were thrown together without any formal structure. For instance, my first job there was to wire the laboratory for power outlets. But the research output was remarkable. The IP idea had been born in 1920 with the Schlumbergers, Conrad mostly, but it was really Arthur Brant who picked up the ball and we ran with it."
     Enough progress, theoretically and in developing field techniques and equipment, was made in the first year to put IP on the brink of commercial use. It was a classic team triumph. Virtually every member of the group contributed significantly. Brant summarizes:
     "Harry Seigel worked on body responses, layers, dikes, spheres, ellipsoids, and the masking effects of conductive fluids in drill holes - besides actively taking part in field work. He developed the first mathematical expressions indicating the overvoltage anomalies to be expected across mineralized bodies of geometric form charged by the application of a square wave DC pulse. He also showed the background responses of barren rock might be due to electrokinetic effects.
     "Jim Wait's theoretical efforts were wide ranging - particle size response; fracture zone responses; airborne IP and associated electromagnetic responses; and after our early experiences in drill holes, on-line coupling effects.
     "Len Collett - steady, balanced and tenacious - carried out model and physical property tests on particle size, mineral response, surrounding media, fracture orientation, suppression by oxidation, frequency vs. time domain, etc. In early 1950 Seigel and Collett showed the apparent resistivity of a rock or sample containing scattered sulfides decreased markedly with increasing frequency.
     "Don Wagg was active with Wait in field studies to reduce spurious electromagnetic coupling between current and potential lines. He also did in-hole plastic casing trials. Glues were then inadequate. We used sleeves and spaced rivets.
     "Ken Ruddock proved exceptional in electronics and was the main designer of the field devices.
     "Bob Searls developed offset slotted rodding to carry cable internally, to be compatible with drill gear and be maneuverable either manually or by compressed air rod pullers.
     "Some items were unexpected. The response of pipelines, cattle fences, and a pervasive background dubbed 'the normal.' This was not satisfactorily investigated until the later arrival of Vic Mayper Jr. from MIT.
     "We were abetted a year later by Elwood Bratnober of Cal Tech, a human computer, who did much of the numerical computation of the Seigel and Wait theory.
     "The result was that in about a year we had type curves for layer and bodies; correction for drill hole fluid; size, distance and azimuth determinations; plus knowledge of mineral and normal effects for a variety of minerals. Now it was realized that anomalous responses could occur from non-sulfides like carbon graphites but not organic carbon compounds, various clays particularly bentonites, some schists and zeolites."
     (Much of the theoretical work done at Jerome is presented in Overvoltage Research and Geophysical Applications, edited by Wait, Pergamon Press, 1959.)

     In 1950 Baldwin directed an exploration effort in southern Peru where drilling had indicated a significant copper occurrence. Brant considers it IP's first real test and use. He comments:
     "Baldwin, while living in eroding adobe quarters and using burros to pull the lines, outlined some 10 square kilometers of sulfide mineralization, much under later volcanics. The data clued in on the copper zone, about 500 million tons of 1% copper, in one corner of the extensive pyrite mineralization."
     IP's commercial success radically reoriented Brant's way of life. Heretofore it had been spent in a pleasant western environment, centering on the comfort and security of the family and the stimulating intellectual interplay of a university or scientific community. Now, he began to travel widely - southern Africa, Peru, Central America, Australia, Turkey, the Philippines, Saudi Arabia, as well as Canada and the US.
     He often spent half a year at a time away from his family in a totally foreign, frequently poor culture where life was a primitive daily struggle. The eyewitness evidence strengthened his already firm belief in private enterprise and deepened his ravenous appetite for history. He began collecting art and paraphernalia, ancient and modern, of the many peoples he encountered. These pieces, and many paintings by Lilli Brant, today make their home as much a museum as a residence. A guided tour is a mini-course in the development of civilization.
     (And a byproduct of Brant's travels is a passion for cigars that at times goes beyond the Churchillian. Brant didn't smoke until his mid-40s but succumbed after the gift of some expensive cigars during a consulting job in Saudi Arabia. Former SEG President John Northwood remembers, "He gave one of the most memorable talks ever at the SEG mining luncheon. He was given a standing ovation. I'm sure the luncheon chairman found it memorable because Brant was smoking a cigar. He asked the chairman to keep it lit for him while he made his speech, taking it periodically from the chairman to puff on it." Northwood is another Brant student who achieved exploration eminence. However, Northwood took German, then the language of science, not geophysics from Brant at Toronto.)

     The initial research at Jerome was restricted to IP but investigation soon spread to other promising methods, including seismic, gravity, and airborne techniques. In 1954, American Metals made copper and zinc discoveries in New Brunswick, Canada with a helicopter-borne, electromagnetic device, igniting crash research programs throughout the industry.
     "We plunged into the development of an EM helicopter device," Brant says. "By 1956, mainly through Ken Ruddock's effort, we had developed an EM tool which had a transmitter coil before the helicopter and a receiver stinger aft. It measured to some two to four parts per million of primary field and saw many years of service.
     "The same device, on a boom suspended beneath a helicopter, was built with out permission by Texas Gulf Minerals and detected the fabulous Kidd Creek copper, zinc, and silver discoveries near Timmins, Ontario."

     And about the same time there developed a fascinating but commercially impractical project involving nuclear magnetic resonance testing. "IP and EM induction are effects essentially due to outer ring electrons and they can't indicate material," Brant says. "A nuclear phenomenon, however, has the potential to identify the actual mineral. Earl Bell conducted the work and did obtain a broad nuclear magnetic resonance response for chalcopyrite samples. But the magnetic field necessary perhaps would have required the use of more copper than one was apt to find."
     The Jerome era ended in 1957 when Newmont opened a new laboratory in Danbury, Connecticut. By then, some of the original group had left. Others opted to stay in the west. Brant had to rebuild his research group and did so quickly and impressively. The new arrivals included such prominent explorationists as the late George McLaughlin, Maurice Davidson (ultimately Brant's successor at Newmont), Misac Nabighian, Charles Elliot, and William Dolan.

     McLaughlin had been in the vanguard of electromagnetic research since the immediate postwar period. After joining Newmont in 1959, he developed an idea conceived by Wait in 1952 - the use of large loop-pulsed EM with a series of measurements after the current has been cut off.
     "A patent was granted for this technique in 1956 but it was never followed up until George's interest," Brant says. "In 1964l66 extensive and perhaps the first time domain pulsed EM exploration was conducted in Cyprus by Bill Dolan. Tests across existing ore bodies were positioned with good depth penetration.
     "McLaughlin subsequently much refined, simplified, and computerized the instrumentation. Nabighian has developed interpretation and theoretical understanding. Lower-powered portable equipment, developed by McLaughlin, is in use in Canada and much favored in Russia. Nabighian's theory and field experience indicate greater relative depth perception and diagnostic interpretation than for other induction methods."

     In his final years at Newmont, Brant supervised the transition to the computer era and time domain work using a spaced pulse to counter the overwhelming response obtained by conventional systems from the saline cover common to many likely prospecting areas.
     He retired in 1975, more for philosophical than physical reasons. "I don't believe old people should hang on - too much danger in seeking to leave a monument and in closing off important upward mobility."
     Retirement, though, was but a lateral move. He immediately became chairman of the Geosat Committee, a nonprofit organization supported by several petroleum, mining, and service petroleum, mining, and service companies to communicate with government agencies about remote-sensing policy.
     "That was the formative year," Brant says of his term. "Policy had to be set up and the direction of effort decided. It was soon apparent you had to go to the seat of power, namely Congress, and indirectly to NASA, the Jet Propulsion Laboratory and so forth.
     "A lot of time was spent in Washington. There were sessions with several senators, congressmen, and agencies. Generally our reception was cordial and overtime. Despite the political games that may be played, one becomes aware there are many within the government and the agencies of exceptional competence and earnestness."

     In 1977 the Brants moved back to Arizona, settling in Tucson. Shortly after the return to the southwest, Brant was appointed an adjunct professor at the University of Arizona and at Columbia's Krumb School of Mines, positions he retains today.
     Year-round broiling in the Arizona sun has permanently browned Brant's features, enhancing his Iroquois heritage, a fittingly noble mien for elder statesman status. It is a role he plays with vigor and candor, speaking out often in behalf of mining and the welfare of the mining industry, areas delicately balanced and easily tilted by changes in economic conditions or government policy.
     "Oil is cheap compared to mining," he says. "Few people know it but your chances of discovery on seriously investigated and drilled prospects are 1 in 50 or 1 in 100. Oil is 1 in 10. Mining is also tied up with high initial capital costs and high labor costs, and on the average it's eight years between discovery and first recovery."

     Brant's scientific work, although undoubtedly of widespread influence, is not easily assessed by conventional gauges such as theories, publications, and patents. He was the one scientific constant at Newmont over a 25-year period in which it made many mining exploration breakthroughs. Few, though, stemmed from Brant's own creativity or research. His participation was usually catalytic, guiding with uncanny accuracy the right intellect in the appropriate direction.
     In his dual careers as teacher and research supervisor, he was quite probably the largest influence on the first generation able to make mining geophysics a life's work. Thus he was a primary shaping force behind much of its most important work. The breadth, quality, rapid development, and commercial benefit of that generation's science is the true measure of Brant's achievement - one embedded in the very fabric of his profession.

     By ROBERT DEAN CLARK