Volume I, No. 1, Winter 2001

teaching resources

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HSY 2105/3105 The Great Divide:

Religion and Genocide in 20th Century India

(a course syllabus for undergraduates)

by Ian Copland

Assessment:

The subject will be assessed on the basis of class participation (10 percent), a verbal class presentation equivalent to 500 words (20 percent), an essay of 3,000 words (50 percent) and a one-hour test, equivalent to 1,000 words, (20 percent).

Class Participation involves turning up regularly and participating in the tutorial discussion. Absences will be penalised unless explained beforehand or covered by medical certificates.

Class Presentation involves each student, perhaps working in tandem with one or two others, taking a turn to introduce one of the weekly tutorial topics, for instance by working through some of the major issues raised in the reading.

Students doing HSY 2105 should write on one of the Essay questions listed below in Section 2, although other topics are possible by arrangement. The essay may be based largely on the secondary sources listed; however the books and articles on these lists are suggestions only, and many more are available in the Library. Likewise there are many relevant South Asian sites on the web. All these sources contain rich "deposits" of primary evidence. Essays should be set out and documented in accordance with the School s requirements which can be read in the Section on essay writing instructions that follows this one.

Tutorial essays are due the week following the tutorial presentation.

Third Year essays may be handed in at any time but no later than

Students doing HSY 3105 are required to devise their own essay topic/question in consultation with their tutor. Generally, these should be of a more specific nature than the essay questions accompanying the reading guides, since it is a further requirement of the School that Third Year level students base their essays substantially on primary sources.

The Test will be in the form of a closed-book essay on the following question:

WAS THE PARTITION OF INDIA IN 1947 UNAVOIDABLE? IF NOT, WHAT ELSE COULD HAVE BEEN DONE TO RESOLVE THE "MUSLIM PROBLEM" IN SOUTH ASIA?

 

Section 1: Programme Summary

Date  Lecture Topics Tutorial Topics
Week 1 beginning July 16 The Brightest Jewel  Introductory session
Week 2 beginning 23 July The Demission of Power  What happened in 1947?
Week 3 beginning 30 July Hinduism  Telling the story
Week 4 beginning 6 August Islam Causes (1): Hindus and Muslims
Week 5 beginning 13 August Imagining the Nation Causes (2): The Coming of Nationalism
Week 6 beginning 20 August Saiyyid and Friends Causes (3): "Divide and Rule"?
Week 7 beginning 27 August The Growth of Communalism  Causes (4): Leaders and Parties
Week 8 beginning 3 September The Parting of the Ways? Causes (5): Muslim Territorial Aspirations
Week 9 beginning 10 September Sikhism Causes (6)/Aftermath (1): Sikh Territorial Aspirations
Week 10 beginning 17 September No classes this week  
MID-SEMESTER BREAK 24-28 SEPTEMBER    
Week 11 beginning 1 October Warriors of the Right Aftermath (2): The Murder of the Mahatma
Week 12 beginning 8 October Princes and Paramountcy Aftermath (3): The Kashmir Crisis
Week 13 beginning 15 October Aftermath: The Subcontinent, 1947-2000 Towards and Accounting

 

Section 2: Lecture and Tutorial Programme

Week 1 beginning 16 July

Topic: Introduction to the subject (organisation, overview of tutorial programme, assessment, tutorial presentations.)

Reading: no preliminary reading required

Week 2 beginning 23 July

Topic: What happened in 1947?

Questions for discussion:

    1. How was the constitutional settlement of 1947 arrived at?
    2. Where and why was the country "partitioned"?
    3. How important was the role played by Lord Mountbatten?
    4. Was partition in the best interests of the people of north India?
    5. How in the event did they respond?

Reading: Primary Sources:

Documents 1-4

Reading: Secondary Sources:

Brown, Judith M., Modern India: The Origins Of An Asian Democracy (Delhi, 1985), ch.6.

Campbell-Johnson, Alan, "Mountbatten and the Transfer Of Power", in History Today, Vol.47, No.9 (1997), pp. 34-40.

Collins, Larry and Lapierre, Dominique, Freedom At Midnight (London, 1975), ch.11.

Mansergh, Nicholas, The Commonwealth Experience (London, 1969), ch.11.

Mosley, Leonard, The Last Days Of the British Raj (Bombay, 1971), chs. 8-10 and Epilogue.

Stein, Burton, A History Of India (Oxford, 1998), pp. 358-66.

Tan, Tai Yong and Kudaisya, Gyanesh, The Aftermath Of Partition In South Asia (London, 2000), ch. 2.

Week 3 beginning 30 July

Topic: Telling the "Story"

Questions For Discussion:

  1. Is the story of 1947 one of triumph or tragedy?
  2. How have Indian and Pakistani narratives of the event differed?
  3. What differences can you detect between older accounts of 1947 (written during the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s) and more recent ones written during the past ten years?
  4. What questions remain to be answered about 1947?

Reading: Primary Sources:

Documents 5-8

Reading: Secondary Sources:

Bandopadhyaya, Shekar, "Transfer Of Power and the Crisis Of Dalit Politics In India 1945-47", in Modern Asian Studies, Vol.32, No.4 (2000), pp. 893-942.

Butalia, Urvashi, The Other Side Of Silence: Voices From the Partition Of India (New Delhi, 1998), pp. 69-98, 297-333.

Gilmartin, David, "Partition, Pakistan and South Asian History: In Search Of A Narrative", in Journal Of Asian Studies, Vol.57, No.4 (1998), pp. 1068-95.

Griffiths, Sir Percival, The British Impact On India (London, 1965), ch. xxxvi.

Hasan, Mushirul, "Memories Of A Fragmented Nation: Rewriting the Histories Of India s Partition", in Hasan, (ed.), Inventing Boundaries: Gender, Politics and the Partition Of India (New Delhi, 2000), pp. 26-44.

Hasan, Syed Minhajul, "The Impact Of Mountbatten-Nehru Relationship On the Partition Of India", in Journal Of the Pakistan Historical Society, Vol. 44, No. 4 (1996), pp. 229-42.

Manto, Saadat Hasan ,"Toba Tek Singh", in Manto, Mottled Dawn:Fifty Sketches and Stories Of Partition (New Delhi, 1997), pp. 1-10.

Menon, Ritu and Bhasin, Kamala, "Honourably Dead: Permissible Violence Against Women", in Menon and Bhasin, Borders and Boundaries: Women In India s Partition New Delhi, 1998, pp. 30-64.

Philips, C.H. (ed.), The Oxford History Of India (London, 1961), book x, ch. 8.

Philips, C.H. and Wainright, M.D. (eds.), The Partition Of India: Policies and Perspectives 1935-1947 (London,1970), Introduction, pp. 11-39.

Sarkar, Sumit, Modern India 1885-1947 (Madras, 1983), ch. 8.

Tan and Kudaisya, The Aftermath Of Partition, ch. 1.

Week 4 beginning 6 August

Topic: Causes (1): Hindus and Muslims

Questions For Discussion:

    1. What beliefs, rituals and customs distinguish Hindu from Muslim worship?
    2. What other divisions, beside religion, characterise South Asian societies?
    3. How important are the sectarian divisions within Hinduism and Islam?
    4. Were Muslims and Hindus closer knit, as communities, in the 20th century than they had been in the 19th? If so, why?

Essay Question:

Critically evaluate the "two nation theory" as expounded by M.A. Jinnah in his address to the All-India Muslim League in 1940.

Reading: Primary Sources:

Documents 9-12

Reading: Secondary Sources:

Chatterji, Joya, "The Bengali Muslim: A Contradiction In Terms?", in Hasan, Mushirul (ed.), Islam, Communities and the Nation: Muslim Identities In South Asia and Beyond (New Delhi, 1998), pp. 265-82.

Dalmia, Vasudha, "'The Only Real Religion of the Hindus': Vaisnava Self-Representation In the late Nineteenth Century", in Dalmia, V., and von Stietencron, Heinrich (eds.), Representing Hinduism: The Construction Of Religious Traditions and National Identity (New Delhi, 1995), pp. 176-210.

Hasan, Mumtaz, "The Background Of the Partition Of the Indo-Pakistan Sub-Continent", in Philips and Wainright (eds), The Partition Of India, pp. 319-30.

Oberoi, Harjot, The Construction Of Religious Boundaries: Culture, Identity and Diversity In the Sikh Tradition (Delhi, 1997), Conclusion.

Prasad, Bimal, Pathways To India s Partition, Vol. 1, (New Delhi, 1999), Introduction and ch. 1.

Robinson, Francis, Separatism Among Indian Muslims: The Politics Of the United Provinces Muslims 1860-1923 (Cambridge, 1974), ch. 1.

Sharif, al-Mujahid, Quaid-i-Azam Jinnah: Studies In Interpretation (Karachi, 1981), ch. 6.

Titus, Murray, Islam In India And Pakistan (Calcutta, 1959), pp. 170-84.

Week 5 beginning 13 August

Topic: Causes (2): Religious Nationalism

Questions For Discussion:

    1. What does Brass understand by "Primordial" and "Instrumentalist" approaches to the problem of nation-formation?
    2. Who was Sir Saiyyid Ahmad Khan and what are his claims to being considered the "father" of Pakistani nationalism?
    3. Who was Dayanada Saraswati, and why is he revered today by Hindu nationalists in the BJP?
    4. Why did nationalists like Bal Gangadhar Tilak and later M. K. Gandhi employ religious symbols and metaphors in their political discourse?

Essay Question:

Why did elite Indian Muslims shy away from the mainstream nationalist movement as represented by the Congress, and eventually establish their own nationalist party, the All-India Muslim League?

Reading: Primary Sources:

Documents 13-16

Reading: Secondary Sources:

Brass, Paul R., "Elite groups, Symbol Manipulation and Ethnic Identity Among the Muslims Of South Asia", in Taylor, David, and Yapp, Malcolm (eds.), Political Identity In South Asia (London, 1979), pp. 35-77.

Cashman, Richard, The Myth Of the Lokamanya: Tilak and Mass Politics In Maharashtra (Berkeley, 1975), ch. 4.

Lelyveld, David, Aligarh s First Generation: Muslim Solidarity In British India (Princeton, N.J., 1978), ch. 7.

Parel, Anthony, "The Political Symbolism Of the Cow In India", in the Journal Of Commonwealth Political Studies, Vol. 7 (1969), pp. 179-203.

Prasad, Bimal, Pathway To India s Partition, Vol. 1, ch. 3.

Robinson, Francis, "Islam and Muslim Separatism", in Taylor and Yapp (eds.), Political Identity In South Asia, pp. 78-112.

Week 6 beginning 20 August

Topic: Causes (3): "Divide and Rule"?

Questions For Discussion:

    1. What are "separate electorates"?
    2. Why do some Hindu historians regard the inclusion of separate electorates in the 1909 constitution as a fatal blow to Indian unity?
    3. Is there something to be said for Muhammad Ali s aphorism, "We divide and you rule"?
    4. Did Jinnah s elevation to the status of a national leader owe something to British patronage?
    5. Did some British officials lend covert support to the League s campaign for Pakistan?

Essay Question:

Did the British act responsibly in responding to the political demands of the Muslim community between 1906 and 1947?

Reading: Primary Sources:

Documents 17-20

Reading: Secondary Sources:

Aziz, K.K., The Making Of Pakistan: A Study In Nationalism (London, 1967), ch. 3.

Barrier, N. Gerald, "The Punjab Government and Communal Politics, 1870-1908", in the Journal Of Asian Studies, Vol.27 (1968), pp. 523-39.

Jansson, Erland, India, Pakistan Or Pakhtunistan: The Nationalist Movement In the North-West Frontier Province, 1937-47 (Uppsala, 1981), pp. 162-5, 190-225.

Rizvi, Gowher, Linlithgow and India: A Study Of British Policy and the Political Impasse In India, 1936-43 (London, 1978), ch. 4, pp. 105-28.

Shaikh, Farzana, Community and Consensus In Islam: Muslim Representation In Colonial India, 1860-1947 (Cambridge, 1989), ch. 4.

Sutherland, Jabez T., "Hindu-Muslim Antagonism: A British Creation", in Wallbank, T.W. (ed.), The Partition Of India: Causes and Responsibilities (Boston, 1966), pp. 38-42.

Week 7 beginning 27 August

Topic: Causes (4): Leaders and Parties

Questions:

    1. Why did the Congress-League alliance of 1916 not last?
    2. Was M.A. Jinnah a man of principle or a rank opportunist?
    3. What do you make of Jinnah s "14 Points" - do you think they represented a reasonable set of demands?
    4. Did Congress act arrogantly in spurning the League s overtures in 1937?
    5. Did Congress shoot itself in the foot with its "Quit India" demand of 1942?

Essay Question:

Critically evaluate Congress policy towards the Muslim League between 1916 and 1947. Should it (could it) have behaved differently?

Reading: Primary Sources:

Documents 21-24

Reading: Secondary Sources:

Ahmed, Akbar S., Jinnah, Pakistan and Islamic Identity: The Search For Saladin (London, 1997), ch. 3.

Brown, Judith M., Gandhi, Prisoner Of Hope (New Haven, 1989), ch. 5.

Casci, Simonetta, "Muslim Self-Determination: Jinnah-Congress Confrontation, 1943-44", in Politico, Vol.63, No.1 (1998), pp..67-85.

French, Patrick, Liberty Or Death: India s Journey To Independence And Division (London, 1998), pp. 36-42, 45-48, 60-64, 101-115, 119-126.

Hasan, Mushirul, "The Muslim Mass Contacts Campaign: Analysis Of A Strategy Of Political Mobilisation", in Sisson, Richard and Wolpert, Stanley (eds.), Congress and Indian Nationalism: The Pre-Independence Phase (Berkeley, 1988), pp. 198-222.

Mehrotra, S.R., "The Congress and the Partition Of India", in Philips and Wainright (eds.), The Partition Of India, pp. 188-221.

Mujahid, Sharif al, "Jinnah and the Making Of Pakistan: the Role Of the Individual In History", in the Journal Of South Asian and Middle Eastern Studies, Vol.21, No.1 (1997), pp. 1-16.

Page, David, Prelude To Partition: The Indian Muslims and the Imperial System of Control 1920-1932 (Delhi, 1982), ch. 2.

Pandey, D., "Congress-Muslim League Relations 1937-39: the `Parting of the ways ", in Modern Asian Studies, Vol. 12 (1978), pp. 629-54.

Shamsuddin, "Mohammed Ali Jinnah Upheld the Muslim Cause", in Islamic Quarterly, Vol.42, No.3 (1998), pp. 200-207.

Week 8 beginning 3 September

Topic: Causes (5): Muslim Territorial Aspirations

Questions For Discussion:

    1. When and where did the idea for "Pakistan" originate?
    2. Was Pakistan from the first a genuine demand or was it put forward initially by the League as an ambit claim or bargaining chip?
    3. What is the evidence for the supposition that Muslims in north India were generally supportive of the homeland concept?
    4. When and why did the Pakistan idea catch on? Why did some Indian Muslims remain staunchly opposed to it?

Essay Question:

Why did Congress agree in 1947 to the partition of India?

Reading: Primary Sources:

Documents 25-28

Reading: Secondary Sources:

Chandra, Bipan, India s Struggle For Independence 1857-1947 (New Delhi, 1989), ch. 37.

Gilmartin, David, Empire and Islam: Punjab and the Making Of Pakistan (Berkeley, 1988), ch. 6 and Conclusion.

______. "A Magnificent Gift: Muslim Nationalism and the Election Process In Colonial Punjab", in Comparative Studies In Society and History, Vol. 40, No. 3 (1998), pp. 415-36.

Hodson, H.V., The Great Divide: Britain - India - Pakistan (London, 1969), chs. 8-10.

Inder Singh, Anita, The Origins Of the Partition Of India 1936-1947 (Delhi, 1987), chs.7 and 8.

Jalal, Ayesha, The Sole Spokesman: Jinnah, the Muslim League, and the Demand For Pakistan (Cambridge, 1985), ch. 2.

Mahajan, Sucheta, Independence and Partition: The Erosion Of Colonial Power In India (New Delhi, 2000), chs. 12 and 13.

Moore, R.J., "Jinnah and the Pakistan Demand", in Modern Asian Studies, Vol. 17 (1983), pp. 529-61.

Tinker, Hugh, "Pressure, Persuasion, Decision: Factors In the Partition of the Punjab, August 1947", in the Journal Of Asian Studies, Vol. 35 (1976-7), pp. 695-704.

Week 9 beginning 10 September

Topic: Causes (6)/ Aftermath (1): Sikh Territorial Aspirations

Questions For Discussion:

    1. What kind of territorial arrangement did the Sikhs want?
    2. What arguments did the Sikhs advance in support of their claims?
    3. Why was Pakistan conceded, but not Khalistan?
    4. Were the Sikhs the main victims of the 1947 genocide, or its major perpetrators?

Essay Question:

What did the Sikhs as a community gain and lose as a result of the partition?

Reading: Primary Sources:

Documents 29-32

Reading: Secondary Sources:

Aiyar, Swarna, "'August Anarchy': The Partition Massacres in Punjab, 1947", in Low, D.A. and Brasted, Howard (eds.), Freedom, Trauma, Continuities: Northern India and Independence (New Delhi, 1998), pp. 15-38.

French, Liberty Or Death, chs.19-20.

Gill, Such Singh and Singhal, K.S., "the Punjab Problem: Its Historical Roots", in the Economic and Political Weekly, Vol.19, no.14, (7 Apr.1984), pp. 603-8.

Grewal, J.S., The Sikhs Of the Punjab (NCHI, Vol.II.3) (Cambridge, 1990), chs. 8-9.

Malik, M. Aslam, "Sikh Reaction To Pakistan Resolution 1940", in Pakistan Journal Of History and Culture, Vol.18, No.2 (1997), pp. 41-52.

McLeod, Hew, "Sikhs and Muslims In the Punjab", in South Asia, new series, Vol. 22 (special issue, 1999), pp.155-65.

Nayar, Baldev Raj, Minority Politics In the Punjab (Princeton, N.J., 1967), ch. 3.

Singh, Khushwant, A History of the Sikhs (Delhi, 1977), Vol. 2, chs.15-18.

Tan and Kudaisya, The Aftermath Of Partition, ch.4.

Week 10 beginning 17 September

NO CLASSES THIS WEEK

Week 11 beginning 1 October

Topic: Aftermath (2): The Murder of the Mahatma

Questions For Discussion:

    1. What was the Hindu Mahasabha and what did it stand for?
    2. What was the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh and what did it stand for?
    3. Who was Nathuram Godse and what motivated him?
    4. Did Gandhi s death achieve anything?

Essay Question:

Why was M. K. Gandhi assassinated?

Reading: Primary Sources:

Documents 33-36

Reading: Secondary Sources:

Akbar, M.J., Nehru: The Making Of India (London, 1989), ch. 39.

Anderson, Walter K. and Damle, Shridhar D., The Brotherhood In Saffron: The Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh and Hindu Revivalism (Boulder, 1987), ch. 2.

Collins and Lapierre, Freedom At Midnight, chs. 16-20.

Gopal, Sarvepalli, Jawaharlal Nehru: A Biography, Vol. 2 (London, 1980), ch. 1.

Mahajan, Independence and Partition, ch. 11.

Nandy, Ashis, "Final Encounter: The Politics Of the Assassination Of Gandhi", in Nandy, At the Edge Of Psychology: Essays In Politics and Culture (Delhi, 1980), pp. 70-98.

Payne, Robert, The Life and Death Of Mahatma Gandhi (New York, 1969), pp. 611-47.

Week 12 beginning 8 October

Topic: Aftermath (3): The Kashmir Crisis

Questions For Discussion:

    1. What were the major differences between British and princely India?
    2. How were the princes affected by the demission of power in 1947?
    3. Why did Maharaja Hari Singh of Kashmir want to avoid, for as long as possible, making a decision about his state s constitutional future?
    4. What post-colonial outcome did his subjects favour?
    5. Was Kashmir s accession to India in October 1947 (a) legal and (b) proper?

Essay Question:

Over 500 princely states were successfully "integrated" into the dominions of India and Pakistan between 1947 and 1950. Why did Kashmir, alone, provoke an international crisis?

Reading: Primary Sources:

Documents 37-40

Reading: Secondary Sources:

Akbar, M.J., The Seige Within: Challenges To A Nation s Unity (Harmondsworth, 1985), Part III, chs. 3-4.

Copland, Ian, "The Abdullah Factor: Kashmiri Muslims and the Crisis of 1947", in Low, D.A. (ed.), The Political Inheritance Of Pakistan (London, 1991), pp. 218-54.

Hewitt, Vernon, "Kashmir: the Unanswered Question", in History Today, Vol. 47, No. 9 (1997), pp. 60-64.

Hodson, The Great Divide, ch. 25.

Jha, Prem Shankar, Kashmir 1947: Rival Versions Of History (Delhi, 1996).

Lamb, Alistair, Kashmir: A Disputed Legacy 1846-1990 (Hertingfordbury, Herts., 1991), chs. 5-7.

Puri, Balraj, Kashmir: Towards Insurgency (London, 1993), chs. 2-3.

Week 13 beginning 15 October

Topic: Towards An Accounting

Questions For Discussion

    1. Which of the six factors we have investigated do you think was the crucial cause of the partition of India in 1947?
    2. Has your reading thrown up any other issues that ought to be taken account of in this context?
    3. How far away are we from a thorough understanding of what happened in north India in the summer and autumn of 1947?
    4. Was some kind of partition inevitable?
    5. If not, what should or could the British government have done differently?
    6. What legacies has partition bequeathed to South Asia?
    7. Have all of them been bitter ones?

Reading: Primary Sources:

Document 41

Reading: Secondary Sources:

Bose, Sugata and Jalal, Ayesha, Modern South Asia: History, Culture, Political Economy (Delhi, 1999), chs. 16 and 17.

Butalia, Urvashi, "Community, State and Gender: Some Reflections On the Partition Of India", in Hasan (ed.), Inventing Boundaries, pp. 178-207.

Chakrabarty, Dipesh, "Remembered Villages: Representations Of Hindu-Bengali Memories In the Aftermath Of the Partition", in Low and Brasted (eds.), Freedom, Trauma, Continuities, pp. 133-52.

Chatterji, Joya, "The Fashioning Of A Frontier: The Radcliffe Line and Bengal s Border Landscape", in Modern Asian Studies, Vol. 33, No. 1 (1999), pp. 185-242.

Dryland, Estelle, "Migration and Resettlement: the Emergence Of the Muhaarjir Quami Mahaz", in South Asia, n.s., Vol. 23, No. 2 (Dec. 2000), pp. 111-42.

Inder Singh, The Origins Of the Partition Of India, Conclusion.

Moon, Sir Penderel, Divide and Quit (Berkeley, 1962), ch. 14.

Phillips, Sir Cyril, "Was the Partition Of India In 1947 Inevitable?", in Asian Affairs, Vol. 17 (October 1986), pp. 243-51.

Purewal, Navtej K., "Displaced Communities: Some Impacts Of Partition On Poor Communities", in the International Journal Of Punjab Studies, Vol. 4, No. 1 (1997), pp. 129-45.

Singh, Gurhapal, "The Partition Of India As State Contraction: Some Unspoken Assumptions", in the Journal Of Commonwealth and Comparative Politics, Vol. 35, No. 1 (March 1997), pp. 51-66.

Tan and Kudaisya, The Aftermath of Partition, ch. 9.

 

Section 3: Documents

1.  Statement by the British Government, 3 June 1947

Source: Sir M. Gwyer and A. Appadorai (eds.), Speeches and Documents On the Indian Constitution 1921-47 (Bombay, 1957), Vol. 2, pp. 670-74.

2.  Jawaharlal Nehru With Lord and Lady Mountbatten, Delhi, 1948

Source: Victor Anant, India: A Celebration Of Independence 1947 To 1997, (New York, 1997), p. 17.

3.  From The Memoirs Of Ved Mehta

Source: Ved Mehta, Face To Face (Delhi, n.d.), pp. 129-37.

4.  Verbal Report By the C.O., 2/1st Gurkhas, September 1947

Source: Sir Francis Tuker, While Memory Serves (London, 1950), pp. 436-7.

5.  Resolution of the Bihar State Muslim League On the Bihar Massacres, February 1947

Source: Bihar Muslim League, The Bihar State Killing 1946: What Hindu Congress Fascism Has Done In Bihar (Patna, 1947), pp. 7-9.

6.  Report and Correspondence In the Daily Telegraph, 1992

  1. A report by Simon Plummer, 24 February 1992

  2. b. A Letter to the Editor From Alistair Lamb, 25 February 1992

  3. A letter to the Editor from Alan Campbell-Johnson, 28 February 1992

Source: The Daily Telegraph (London), 24, 25, 28 Feb. 1992.

7.  A Personal Recollection By Delhi Social Psychologist Sudhir Kakar

Source: Sudhir Kakar, The Colors Of Violence: Cultural Identities, Religion and Conflict (Chicago, 1996), pp. 25-27.

8.  A Personal Testament By Historian Urvashi Butalia

Source: Urvashi Butalia, The Other Side Of Silence: Voices From the Partition Of India (Delhi, 1998), 29-34.

9.  Muhammad Ali Jinnah s Presidential Address to the Lahore Session of the All-India Muslim League, 22 March 1940

Source: Gwyer and Appadorai, Speeches and Documents, Vol. 2, pp. 440-42.

10.  Conclusions Reached By the Indian Statutory Commission, 1930

Source: Indian Statutory Commission Report (London, 1930), Vol. 1, pp. 26-7.

11.  Four Glimpses Of Indian Life

a. [modern poster illustrating the birth of Krishna]

b. [Woman worshipping in a Tamil Nadu temple]

c. [Muslim women facing Mecca preparatory to offering prayers]

d. [19th century picture of Muhammad ascending to Heaven]

Sources: Vassilis G. Vitsakis, Hindu Epics, Myths and Legends In Popular Illustrations (Delhi, 1977), p.39; George Michell (ed.), Temple Towns Of Tamil Nadu (Bombay, 1993), p. 122; Anant, India, p. 32; and Michael Rogers, The Spread Of Islam (Oxford, 1976), p. 33.

12.  Majority Conclusions of the Congress Cawnpore Riots [Inquiry] Committee, October 1931

Source: N. Gerald Barrier (ed.), Roots Of Communal Politics (Columbia, Missouri, n.d.), pp. 399-405.

13.  A "Note On the Agitation Against Cow-Killing" by D.F. McCracken, Sec., Home Dept., Government of the United Provinces, 9 August 1893

Source: John R. McLane (ed.), The Political Awakening In India (Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1970), pp. 109-11.

14.  Address By Lokamanya Bal Gangadhar Tilak at the 1897 Poona Shivaji Festival

Source: Ibid, p. 56.

15.  Speech By Aurobindo Ghose To the Society For the Protection Of Religion, Calcutta, 1908

Source: W. Theodore de Bary et. al. (eds.), Sources Of Indian Tradition (New York, 1958), pp. 731-2.

16.  Evidence Tendered By Daya Narain Nigam To the Cawnpore Riots Inquiry Commission (Official) 1931

Source: Barrier, Roots Of Communal Politics, pp. 479-81.

17.  Lord Morley s Defence Of Communal Electorates, 23 February 1909

Source: Parliamentary Debates: House of Lords, Vol. 1 (1909), cols. 14-18.

18.  Resolution of the Bengal Government On Muslim Education, 3 August 1916

Source: C.H. Philips (ed.), The Evolution Of India and Pakistan 1858 To 1947: Select Documents (London, 1962), pp. 196-98.

19.  Lord Willingdon, Viceroy Of India, To King George V, 6 August 1932

Source: P.N. Chopra et. al., Secret papers From British Royal Archives (Delhi, 1998), pp.303-4.

20.  Draft Declaration Issued By the British War Cabinet, 30 March 1942

Source: Gwyer and Appadorai, Speeches and Documents, Vol. 2, pp. 520-1.

21.  Nehru and Jinnah At Viceregal Lodge, Simla, May 1946

Source: Michael Brecher, Nehru: A Political Biography (London, 1959), f.p. 324.

22.  Note Handed By Maulana A.K. Azad To Choudhry Khaliquzzaman, Leader of the AIML Parliamentary Party In the UP, On 15 July 1937

[Khaliquzzaman recalls: "I was supposed to sign [it] as the price for Muslim League coalition with the Congress".]

Source: Khaliquzzaman, Pathway To Pakistan (London, 1961), p. 161.

23.  Report Of The Committee Appointed By the AIML To Investigate Muslim Grievances In Congress-Ruled Provinces, 15 November 1938

Source: Gwyer and Appadorai, Speeches and Documents, Vol. 1, pp. 414-16.

24.  I.H. Qureshi On Changes In Opinions and Attitudes Among Indian University Students Between 1937 and 1939

Source: I.H. Qureshi, "A Case Study Of the Social Relations Between the Muslims and the Hindus, 1935-47", in C.H. Philips and M.D. Wainright (eds), The Partition Of India: Policies And Perspectives 1935-1947 (London, 1970), pp. 363-65.

25.  The "Pakistan" Resolution Of the AIML, 24 March 1940

Source: B.N. Pandey (ed.), The Nationalist Movement 1885-1947 (London, 1979), pp. 154-5.

26.  Note By the Reforms Commissioner On His Tour Of Madras, Orissa, Assam, Bengal and Bihar From 8 November To 7 December 1941

Source: Nicholas Mansergh, The Transfer Of Power 1942-47, Vol.1 (London, 1970), p. 63.

27. Results Of Elections To the Punjab Legislative Assembly, 1937 and 1947

Source: Judith M. Brown, Modern India: The Origins Of An Asian Democracy (Delhi, 1985), p. 287; and Sho Kuwajima, Muslims, Nationalism and the Partition: 1946 Provincial Elections In India (New Delhi, 1998), p. 227.

28. Statement By the British Cabinet Mission, 16 May 1946

Source: K.M. Munshi (ed.), Indian Constitutional Documents: Munshi Papers, Vol. 2, pp. 379-81.

29.  Arguments For A Sikh Homeland, April 1946

Source: Gurbachan Singh and Lal Singh Giani, The Idea Of the Sikh State (Lahore, 1946), pp. 30-47.

30.  Note By Sir Evan Jenkins, Governor Of the Punjab, 19 May 1947

Source: Mansergh, The Transfer of Power 1942-47, Vol.10 (London, 1981), pp. 893-4.

31.  Sir Hasan Suhrawardy to Gandhi 21 September 1947

Source: Encl. In U.S. Consul-General, Calcutta, to Sec. State Washington, U.S. State Dept., decimal file 845.00/11-2847.

32. Jawaharlal Nehru s Address To the Congress Working Committee, 14 June 1947

Source: S.R. Bakhshi (ed.), The Making Of India and Pakistan: Select Documents (New Delhi, 1997), Vol. 6, pp. 88-9.

33.  Resolution Of the WC Of the Akhil Bharat Hindu Mahasabha, 8 June 1947

Source: Ibid, p. 289.

34.  Speech By Gandhi At His Last Prayer Meeting, 29 January 1948

Source: The Collected Works Of Mahatma Gandhi, Vol. 90, (Ahmedabad, 1984) pp. 524-5.

35. Portrait Of the Accused In the Gandhi Murder Case

Source: Larry Collins and Dominique Lapierre, Freedom At Midnight (New York, 1975), p. 331.

36. Cabinet Mission Memorandum On Paramountcy, 12 May 1946

Source: Philips, The Evolution Of India and Pakistan, pp. 434-5.

37. Address By Lord Mountbatten To the Special (Final) Session Of the Chamber Of Princes, 25 July 1947

Source: Munshi, Constitutional Documents, pp. 414-5

38.  Nehru to Maharaja Hari Singh of Kashmir, 3 April 1948

Source: Nehru Papers, NMML, 1st Installment, File 8.

39.  Statement Of Policy By the Government Of India c.1993

Source: Govt. of India, Plebiscite and Self-Determination In Jammu and Kashmir: Irrelevant Concepts (New Delhi, n.d.), pp. 3-5.

40.  Cartoon In The Hindustan Times, 22 April 1947

Source: Sucheta Mahajan, Independence and Partition: The Erosion Of Colonial Power In India (New Delhi, 2000), f.p. 179.

41.  Draft Of Diwali Speech By Sir Mirza Ismail, Prime Minister Of Hyderabad, 3 November 1947

Source: Mirza Ismail Papers, NMML, Serial No. 12.

 

Section 4: Maps

1.  Major Administrative Divisions Of the Indian Empire, c.1935

Source: Ayesha Jalal, The Sole Spokesman: Jinnah, the Muslim League and the Demand For Pakistan (Cambridge, 1985) p. xvii.

2.  Distribution Of Indian Muslims According To the Census Of 1931

Source: Ibid, p. xvi.

3.  The Partition Of India 1947

Source: School Of Geography and Environmental Science, Monash University

4.  The Radcliffe Award With Respect To Bengal, August 1947

Source: Tai Yong Tan and Gyanesh Kudaisya, The Aftermath Of Partition In South Asia (London, 2000), p. 95.

5.  The Radcliffe Award With Respect To the Central Punjab, August 1947

Source: Ibid, p. 99.

6.  Distribution Of the Sikhs In the Punjab By District, 1947

Source: Ibid, p. 118.

Ian Copland was born in Perth, Australia, and educated at the University of Western Australia and Balliol College, Oxford. He teaches history at Monash University, Melbourne, where he is an associate professor. Dr. Copland is also a member of the board of directors of the National Centre for South Asian Studies and editor of the journal South Asia. His publications include The Burden of Empire: Perspectives on Imperialism and Colonialism (OUP Melbourne, 1990), The Princes Of India In the End-game Of Empire, 1917-1947 (Cambridge, 1997), and India 1885-1947: the Unmaking of an Empire (London: Pearson Education, 2001).  Dr. Copland is a member of the board of editors of Project South Asia, a digital library of teaching resources for colleges and universities.

Copyright  2001 Teaching South Asia (ISSN 1529-8558) and Ian Copland.  All rights reserved.  No part of this article may be reprinted in any form without written permission from Ian Copland.